2^nd World Congress on Precision and Personalized Medicine December 05-06, 2023 Zurich, Switzerland

In personalized medicine biomarkers and biological marker generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. This word efer to a substance the presence of which indicates the existence of a living organism. Biochemical biomarkers are often used in clinical trials, Biomarkers used for personalized medicine are typically categorized as either prognostic or predictive .In, biomarkers is a molecule that allows the detection and isolation of a particular cell type.  A biomarker indicates a change in state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease. Biomarkers are useful in a number of ways, including measuring the progress of disease. Biomarkers also used in early diagnosis, disease prevention, drug target identification, drug response etc.

In personalized medicine pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways which can affect the drug responses, like therapeutic effect as well as adverse effect. Inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression and its function.In oncology, pharmacogenetics refers to germline mutations and pharmacogenomics is study the somatic mutations in tumoral DNA leading to alteration in drug response

Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response, drug absorption distribution, metabolism, and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. Pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics is used for the detection of the individual genetic variation with drug responses pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response

The proteome is the entire set of proteins it is expressed by genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time. More specifically, it is a combined of proteins and genomes. Proteomics is the study of the proteome. A cellular proteome is the collection of proteins present in a particular cell type and it exposure to harmone stimulation. It can also be useful to consider an organism’s complete proteome, which can be conceptualized as the complete set of proteins from all of the various cellular proteomes. Proteome used to refer to the collection of proteins in certain sub-cellular biological systems.

Metabolomics is defined as the chemical processes involving of metabolites. Metabolomics is the study of the unique chemical fingerprints. The metabolome refers to the collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ or organism. mRNA gene expression data and proteomic analyses reveals the set of gene products in the cell. One of the challenges of system biology and functional genomics is to integrate proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic information to provide a cellular biology.

Personalized medicine is a Medical Practice that separates patients into different groups with medical decisions, practices, interventions and products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease. The words of personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine and P4 medicine are used interchangeably.

Epigenetics is a set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell is called as the epigenome. Epigenetics are reversible modifications on a cells DNA that affect the gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications are important role  in the  gene expression and regulation, that are involved in the  numerous cellular processes such as tumorigenesis.

Biological therapy refers to the use of medication, specifically target an immune or genetic mediator of disease. Even for diseases of unknown cause of molecules that are involved in the disease process have been identified, and can be targeted for biological therapy. which are mainly cytokines , are directly involved in the immune system .Biological therapy used for the management of cancer , autoimmune disease, and diseases of unknown cause that result in symptoms due to immune related mechanisms.

Personalized vaccines can be categorized into different types based on their applications and approaches. Here are some of the main types of personalized vaccines:

Cancer Vaccines: Personalized cancer vaccines, also known as therapeutic cancer vaccines, are designed to target specific antigens found on the surface of cancer cells. These antigens are unique to each individual's tumor, and the vaccine is tailored to stimulate the patient's immune system to recognize and attack the cancer cells. The goal is to boost the body's immune response against the cancer, potentially slowing its growth or even leading to remission.

Infectious Disease Vaccines: Personalized vaccines can also be developed to target specific infectious agents, such as viruses or bacteria. These vaccines may be designed to target certain strains or variants of the pathogen that are prevalent in a particular region or that are more likely to affect an individual due to their genetic makeup.

Neoantigen Vaccines: Neoantigens are specific mutated proteins that are present on the surface of cancer cells. Neoantigen vaccines are personalized cancer vaccines that are designed to target these unique mutations. The patient's tumor is analyzed to identify the neoantigens, and a vaccine is then created to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer cells bearing those mutations.

RNA/DNA-based Vaccines: Some personalized vaccines use a patient's own RNA or DNA to create the vaccine. In the case of cancer vaccines, tumor tissue may be analyzed to extract RNA, which is then used to formulate the vaccine. RNA-based vaccines, like mRNA vaccines, are relatively new but have shown great promise due to their ability to be rapidly designed and produced.

Vaccines for Autoimmune Diseases: Personalized vaccines for autoimmune diseases aim to modulate the immune system's response to prevent it from attacking the body's own tissues. These vaccines can be designed based on an individual's specific immune profile to target and suppress the autoimmune response.

Allergen-specific Vaccines: Personalized allergen-specific vaccines, often used for allergies like hay fever or certain food allergies, are designed based on the specific allergens to which an individual has an allergic reaction. The vaccine is formulated to desensitize the immune system to these allergens gradually.

Personalized Cancer Immunotherapies: While not traditional vaccines, personalized cancer immunotherapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and adoptive T-cell therapy are forms of personalized treatments that involve modifying a patient's immune cells to better target and eliminate cancer cells.

Infection is invasion of an organisms, body tissues by disease causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and they produced toxins . Infectious disease also known as transmissible disease and communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.

A neurological disorder is any disorder r of the body nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities of brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. The symptoms include paralysis, muscle weakness, loss of sensation,seizures confusion pain and altered levels of consciousness.They may be assessed by neurological examination, studied and treated within the specialities of nuerology and clinical neuropsychology

Mental disorders are psychological condition primarily by sufficient disorganization of personality, mind, emotions to seriously impair the normal psychological condition. Mental disorders occasionally consist a combination of affective behavioural cognitive perceptual components. The acknowledgement of mental health conditions has changed over time and across cultures, and still observed variations in the definition, classification, and treatment of mental disorders.

Cardiovascular disorders are requiring an organized interpretation of variations in DNA and mRNA as well as proteins. The advance biotechnology is being applied to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disorders. A five-step strategy can be followed to identify genes and gene products involved in differential responses to cardiovascular drugs.

Chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease is a type of  obstructive lung disease characterized. The main symptoms include a breath and cough with suptum production.COPD typically worsens over time. Eventually walking up stairs or carrying things will be difficult. Tobacco smoking is the most common with a number of other factors such as air pollution and genetics.

Genetic disorders may or may not be heritable from the parent’s genes. In non-heritable genetic disorders, defects may be caused by new mutations and changes to the DNA. In such cases, the defect will only be heritable if it occurs in the germ line .Such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people by new mutations in other people, and mainly by environmental causes in other people. Whether, when and to what extent a person with the genetic defect abnormality will actually suffer from the disease is almost always affected by the environmental factors and events in the person’s development.

Autoimmune diseases are damage a pathologic state arising from an abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues are normally present in the body. Autoimmunity is the presence of self-reactive immune response. (eg, auto-antibodies and  self-reactive T-cells) with or without damage or pathology resulting from it.

Personalized medicine is a Medical Practice that separates patients into different groups with medical decisions, practices, interventions and products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease. The words of personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine and P4 medicine are used interchangeably

The FDA is already started to take initiatives to integrate personalized medicine into their regulatory policies. They developed a report in October 2013 entitled Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine FDAs role in a New Era of Medical Product Development in which they outlined steps they would have to take to integrate genetic and biomarker information for clinical use and drug development. They determined that they would have to develop specific regulatory science standards, research methods, reference material and other tools in order to incorporate personalized medicine into their current regulatory practices. For example, they are working on a genomic reference library for regulatory agencies to compare and test the validity of different sequencing platforms in an effort to uphold reliability.

Health economics is a study of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value, behaviour in the consumption of healthcare. In broad terms health economists study the functioning of healthcare systems and health-affecting behaviors such as smoking. Health economists evaluate multiple types of financial information costs, charges and expenditures.

Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to medical practice. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasse its application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, and sociology.

Personalized medicine is a Medical Practice that separates patients into different groups with medical decisions, practices, interventions and products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease. The words of personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine and P4 medicine are used interchangeably